第一部分:数词的译法
一、数字增减的译法:zk9
1.句式特征:by+名词+比较级+thanzk9
The wire is by three inches longer than that one.这根导线比那根长3英寸。zk9
2.句式特征:表示增减意义的动词+to+n.译为:增加到。。。。或减少到。。。。zk9
Metal cutting machines have been decreased to 50.金属切割机已经减少到50台。zk9
二、百分数增减的表示法与译法zk9
1.句式特征:表示增减意义的动词+%zk9
The output value has increased 35%.产值增加了35%zk9
2.句式特征:表示增减意义的动词+by+%zk9
Retail salses should rise by 8%商品零售额应增加3%zk9
The prime cost decreased by 60%.主要成本减少60%zk9
3.句式特征:表示减少意义的动词+to+%表示减少后剩余的数量zk9
By using this new-process the loss of metal was reduced to 20%.采用这种新工艺,铁的损失量减少到20%zk9
4.句式特征:%+ 比较级 +than表示净增减的数量zk9
Retail sales are expected to be nine percent higher than last year.今年零售额与去年相比,有望增加9%。zk9
5.句式特征:% + 比较级 + 名词表示净减数zk9
The new-type machine wasted 10 percent engergy supplied. 新型机械能耗量净减10%zk9
6.句式特征:a + % + increase表示净增数zk9
There is a 20% increase of steel as compared with last year.与去年相比,今年钢产量净增20%zk9
7.句式特征:%+ (of) 名词(代词)表示净减数,数字n照译zk9
The production cost is about 60 percent that of last year.今年产值仅为去年的60%zk9
8.句式特征:%+up on 或over表示净增数zk9
The grain output of last year in this province was 20% percent up on that of 1978.去年粮食产量比1978年净增20%。
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第二部分 倍数增加的表示法及译法
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汉语表示“增加了几倍”时,英语的倍数表示倍数需减一,译成“增加了n-1倍”以表示净增加数。如果译成“增加到n倍”或“为原来的n倍”,则照译不误。zk9
1.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+n times“表示成倍地增长,译成”增加到N倍“或”增加n-1倍“zk9
注:1倍 once; 2倍twice(或double);3倍thrice(或three times)zk9
2.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+by+ n times,该句式与上述相同zk9
3.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+to+ n times表示增加到N倍,译成”增加了n-1倍“zk9
4.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+by a factor of + n timeszk9
5.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+比较级+by a factor of + n times表示增加以后达到的倍数,译成”比。。。。。。大(长、宽。。。)N-1倍“zk9
6.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+ n times+比较级+than。。。。。zk9
7.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+ n times +adj./adv. +as....zk9
8.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+a + n times(或n-fold) +increase.......表示增加到N倍,译成”增加了N-1倍“zk9
9.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+as + adj./adv.+ again as.....译成”比。。。。大(长、宽。。。。倍)“zk9
例子: Line A is as long again as line B. A线比B线长1倍。zk9
This machine turns half as fast again as that one.这台机器转动比那台机器快半倍。zk9
10.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+half as + adj./adv.+ again as.....译成”比。。。。大(长、宽。。。。半倍)“zk9
11. 句式特点:用double表示倍数,译成”等于.....的2倍“或”增加了1倍“zk9
12.句式特点:用treble表示倍数增加,译成”增加到3倍“或”增加了2倍“zk9
13.句式特点:用quadruple表示倍数增加,译成”增加到4倍“或”增加了3倍“
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第三部分 倍数减少的表示方法
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倍数减少在英译时,需把倍数换算成分数。成几倍减少,可以改译成”减少到1/N“或减少了”N-1/N“。而减少了N倍,可改译成”减少到1/N+1“或”减少了N/N+1“。zk9
1.句式特点:表示减少意义的动词+N times表示成N倍减少,译成”减少到1/N“或”减少了N-1/N“zk9
The length of laser tube was reduced ten times.激光管的长度缩短了十分之九。zk9
2.句式特点:表示减少意义的动词+by+N times表示成N倍减少,译成”减少到1/N“或”减少了N-1/N“zk9
The bandwith was reduced by two times.带宽减少了二分之一。zk9
3.句式特点:表示减少意义的动词+by a factor of + N times表示成N倍减少,译成”减少到1/N“或”减少了N-1/N“zk9
4.句式特点:表示减少意义的动词+a-N times(N-fold)+ reduction译成”减少到1/N“或”减少了N-1/N“zk9
The principal advantage over the old-fashioned machine is a four-fold reduction in weight.与旧式机器比,主要特点是重量减少了四分之三。zk9
5.句式特点:表示减少意义的动词+N times+as + adj./adv. .....译成”减少到1/N“或”减少了N-1/N“zk9
6.句式特点:表示减少意义的动词+N times+ 比较级+ than表示减少了N倍,译成”减少到1/N+1”或“减少了1/N+1“zk9
The plastic container is five times lighter than that glass one.这个塑料容器比那个玻璃容器轻六分之五。
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英语倍数句型及其译法zk9
英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12) 等, 见圈码)很容易译错——其主要原因在于:英汉两语在表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下: zk9
倍数增加 zk9
(一) A is n times as great(long,much,…)as B.(①) zk9
A is n times greater (longer, more,…)than B.(②) zk9
A is n times the size (length, amount,…)of B.(③) zk9
以上三句都应译为;A的大小(长度,数量,……)是B的n倍[或A比B大(长,多,……)n-1倍]. zk9
Eg. This book is three times as long as (three times longer than,three zk9
times the length of )that one. zk9
这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。 zk9
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than(as,of)B常被省去。 zk9
(二)increase to n times(④) zk9
increase n times/n-fold(⑤) zk9
increase by n times(⑥) zk9
increase by a factor of n(⑦) zk9
以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。 zk9
Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times zk9
as compared with last year. zk9
集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。 zk9
Eg. The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against zk9
l986. zk9
化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。 zk9
Eg. That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times. zk9
那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。 zk9
Eg. The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four. zk9
漏电压增加了3借(即增加到原来的4倍)。 zk9
注:在这类句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等词所替代。 zk9
(三)There is a n-fold increase/growth…(⑧) zk9
应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式: zk9
Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported. zk9
据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。 zk9
(四)double (增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨) zk9
Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled. zk9
这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。 zk9
(五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如: zk9
A is as much (large,long,…)again as B.(= A is twice as much (large,long,…)as zk9
B.(⑩) zk9
应译为:A比B多(大,长,……)1倍。 zk9
A is half as much (large, 1ong,…)again as B. zk9
【= A is one and a half times as much (large, 1ong,…)as B.】(11) zk9
应译为:A比B多(大,长……)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。 zk9
倍数减少 zk9
(一)A is n times as small (light,slow,…)as B.(12) zk9
A is n times smaller (lighter, slower,…) than B.(13) zk9
以上两句均应译为:A的大小(重量,速度,……)是B的1/n[或A比B小(轻,慢,……)(n-1)/n]。 zk9
Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom. zk9
氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。 zk9
Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper. zk9
这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。 zk9
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than/as B常被省去。 zk9
(二)decrease n times/n--fold (14) zk9
decrease by n times(15) zk9
decrease by a factor of n(16) zk9
以上三式均译为:减少到1/n[或:减少(n-1)/n]。 zk9
decrease常被reduce, shorten, go/slow down等词替代。 zk9
Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times. zk9
新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3(即缩短到2/3)。 zk9
Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times, the strength of the current zk9
is stepped down by ten times. zk9
电压升高9倍,电流强度便降低9/10(即90%)。 zk9
Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5. zk9
该设备误差概率降低了4/5。 zk9
(三)There is a n-fold decrease/reduction… zk9
应译为:减至1/n [或:减少(n一1)/n]。(17) zk9
这个句型还有其它一些形式, zk9
Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed. zk9
发现迅速减少到1/7。 zk9
Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in zk9
weight. zk9
这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。 zk9
从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出:与汉语不 同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句 型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍 zk9
数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④; 句型(13)表示的倍数比差=句型12,且decrease(by) zk9
times应译为“减少2/3”,而不是“减少3/4”。
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第四部分 动词的使动用法
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动词是英语中词类中最为活跃的成分,至今对于动词的使用我一直是胆战心惊的,现介绍一些使动用法共勉。zk9
1.I slowly walked my horse up the hill.我慢慢地带马上山。zk9
2.The ran the ship aground.他们把船开到滩上去了。zk9
3.The swam their horses in the river.他们使马泅水渡河。zk9
4.I laid myself down to rest my wearied limbs.我躺下来好让疲惫的腿休息一下。zk9
5.They rode out the storm.他们安然渡过风暴zk9
其实,研究动词个人认为,要把握后面有无宾语;宾语是人还是物;是什么样的宾语。欢迎网友探讨,动词的学习研讨方法。
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第五部分 同系宾语
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1. I dreamed a strange dream.zk9
2.He slept the sleep that knows no waking.zk9
3.I have fought a good fight.zk9
一、在同系宾语上附有修饰形容词时,通常可换成态度副词。zk9
live a long life = live long;zk9
live a happy life = live happily;zk9
die a national death = die nationally;zk9
die a violent death = die by violencezk9
二、有的宾语与动词不同语源,但意义相通,也可以视为同类。zk9
run a race; run a course; run one's career; zk9
fight a battle; blow a gale; strike a blow;zk9
ring a peal; wreak one's vengeancezk9
三、以it构成的类型:zk9
I am determined to fight it out。我决心奋斗到底。zk9
He is starring it in the provinces.他到各地巡回演出。zk9
We had to walk it in the rain.我们不得不冒雨而行。zk9
Can't you swim it?你游不过去吗?zk9
四、在某些熟语中可将同系宾语省略,如look thanks = look a look of thankszk9
He looked the thanks he could not express.他眼中现出言语无法表达的感谢。zk9
She left the room, looking daggers at me.她以短剑相刺的目光望着我,走出了房间。zk9
五、最高级形容词后,可以省略同系宾语。zk9
The lady was lerrorst(look).zk9
She sang her sweest(song) to please him.
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第六部分 一组词组
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1.all+抽象名词/抽象名词+itself = very + adj.zk9
He was all gentleness to her.他对她非常温存。zk9
To his superiors, he is humility itself。对于长辈,他极为谦逊。zk9
分析:该结构原来是表示某种性质达到极点的一种说法,有“非常”、“尽管”、“一味”、“尽”的含义,有时甚至可以译为“。。。。的化身”、“。。。。的具体化”。普通复数名词用于“all”之后,也是表达这种概念。zk9
He is all smiles.他一味地笑。zk9
She is all eyes.她盯着看。zk9
I am all anxiety.我真担心。zk9
He is all attention.他全神贯注地听着。zk9
2.Something (much) of / nothing (little) ofzk9
Mr.Li is something of a philospher.李先生略具哲学家风范。zk9
Mr. Wu is nothing of a musician.吴先生全无音乐家的风味。zk9
Mr. Lu is very much of a poet.陆先生大有诗人气派。zk9
Mr.Liu is little of a scholar.刘先生几无学者风度。zk9
分析:此为表示“程度”的形容词短语,有时可以当作副词翻译。zk9
Something of =to some extent(某程度),在问句和条件句中则用anyting of(略有、多少)。nothing of译作“全无、毫无”。zk9
相类似的情况:zk9
to be something of = to have something of + 名词+in +代名词zk9
He is nothing in ability of an orator = He has nothing of an orator in his ability.他毫无演说家的才能。zk9
这类名词的用法,可以处理为副词。zk9
He has seen something of life.他略具阅历。他稍阅世。zk9
Something of 与something like区别:程度上有差异。zk9
something like = something approximateing in character or amount指数量或性质略同的事物,又作somewhat(似乎、略微)解释。zk9
This is something like a pudding.此物略似布丁。zk9
It shaped something like a cigar.其形状略似雪茄。
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